Sabtu, 25 Februari 2012

Descriptive text

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

Textstructure :
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

Language figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.


Characteristic :
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.


Grammatical features :
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text :

JATIM PARK 
For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.

Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is about 22 hectares width.

Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.

The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop and rareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved, and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc

Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.

SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

now the materi is SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS. this is Expressing if you see someone can do it what you cant do.
This is means of it :
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

 To express surprise or disbelief:
 What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
 (Well), that’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say … surprises me.
 I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious?
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :
- Fantastic!
- How marvellous/beautiful!
- It’s very interesting!
- It’s great!
- It’s terrific!
- Wow, that’s amazing!
- Wonderful!
- What a nice……
- What a lovely flower!
- Hey, that’s really terrific!

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

Gratitude
is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to……
I want to thank……
I want to express my gratitude to
I keep forgetting to thank you for……

Respon of expressing :
· You are welcome.
· Don’t mention it!
· Not at all.
· It was nothing at all.
· No problem.
· Glad to be of help.
· (it was) my pleasure.
· I am glad I could help.
· I am glad I could do it.
· I am glad I could be of help.


Compliment 
is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will .

For example :

Expressing :
o What a nice dress?
o You look great.
o You look very nice.
o I really must express my admiration for you.
o Good grades.
o Excellent.
o Nice work.

Time to expressing compliment :
o On his/her general appearance.
o If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
o When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
o When other people do their best.


Congratulation 
is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Expressing :
v Let me congratulate you.
v Congratulations on your successful business.
v My congratulations on your success.
v Congratulations on your promotion.
v Good!
v That’s great!
v How fortunate.
v Splendid.
v Pretty good.

Responding :
v Thank you.
v Thanks, I needed that.
v That’s very kind of you.
v It’s very kind of you to say that.
v Do you really think so?
v You’ve made my day!
v The same to you.
v I’m glad you like it.Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Example:
o   Teresa said, “Don’t listen to Ellen. She likes stretch the truth.”
o   “Why do I have to eat these awful vegetables?” Alison said.
o   “I wish I could go fihing,” Jimmy said, “but, I’d better fix this fence instead.”

1. do I have to listen to that song again adam asked I don’t like it
2. bill said don’t wait up for me I’ll be home late
3. read the last two chapters in your book the instructor said
4. the secretary said please have a seat in the waiting room
5. do you want to see the new horror film max asked
6. I can’t decide whice pair of shoes to buy pat said
7. there aren’t enough seats for me in this row cyrus said maybe I’ll just move to the row

Did you know?
o   In an indirect statement, we add the conjunction “that” ( he said that…).
o   In an imperative, we use “to infinitive” (he told me to clean the windows).
o   The examples of past introductory verb: said, told, asked, replied, answered, etc.
o   If the introductory verb is in the past form, then the tense form for indirect speech is changed.
                              
* The changing of tenses


Direct speech

Indirect speech

Present Continuous
Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing
Past Continuous
Subject + was/were +Verb-ing

Simple Present
Subject + Verb 1
Simple Past
Subject + Verb 2

Simple Past
Subject + Verb 2
Past Perfect
Subject + had + Verb 3

Present Perfect
Subject + has/have + Verb 3
Past Perfect
Subject + had + Verb 3

Present Future
Subject + wiil + Verb 1
Past Future
Subject + would + Verb 1

Modals
can      +   infinitive
may
must

could + infinitive
might
had to
now
today
tonight
yesterday
last night
….ago
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
here
this
these

then
that day
that night
the day before/the previous day
the night before/the previus night
….before
the following day/the next day
in the following
there
that
those

Asking for information

Trere are a number of formulas ased when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
·         Could you tell me…?
·         Do you know…?
·         Do you happen to know…?
·         I’d like to know…
·         Could you find out…?
·         I’m interested in…
·         I’m looking for…

These two forms are used when asking for information on the telephone:
·         I’m calling to find out…
·         I’m calling about…

Introductory It

A:To understand this lesson is easy.
B:It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.

To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football

Modals in the past form

Modals in the past form

Modals
present
Past
can
could
will
would
shall
should
may
might
1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.


ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.
But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.


Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river
very well and faster.


ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?


2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.


ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.


ô to express polite requests
Example:
Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.


Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem


3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.
You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.


Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example:
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.


ô To express polite requests
Example:
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and
I don’t know when he’ll return it.