Descriptive text

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

Textstructure :- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

Language figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.


Characteristic :
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.


Grammatical features :
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text :

JATIM PARK 

For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.

Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is about 22 hectares width.

Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.

The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop and rareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved, and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc

Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.

SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

now the materi is SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS. this is Expressing if you see someone can do it what you cant do.
This is means of it :
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

 To express surprise or disbelief:
 What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
 (Well), that’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say … surprises me.
 I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious?
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :
- Fantastic!
- How marvellous/beautiful!
- It’s very interesting!
- It’s great!
- It’s terrific!
- Wow, that’s amazing!
- Wonderful!
- What a nice……
- What a lovely flower!
- Hey, that’s really terrific!

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

Gratitude
is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to……
I want to thank……
I want to express my gratitude to
I keep forgetting to thank you for……

Respon of expressing :
· You are welcome.
· Don’t mention it!
· Not at all.
· It was nothing at all.
· No problem.
· Glad to be of help.
· (it was) my pleasure.
· I am glad I could help.
· I am glad I could do it.
· I am glad I could be of help.

Compliment 

is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will .

For example :

Expressing :
o What a nice dress?
o You look great.
o You look very nice.
o I really must express my admiration for you.
o Good grades.
o Excellent.
o Nice work.

Time to expressing compliment :
o On his/her general appearance.
o If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
o When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
o When other people do their best.

Congratulation 

is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Expressing :
v Let me congratulate you.
v Congratulations on your successful business.
v My congratulations on your success.
v Congratulations on your promotion.
v Good!
v That’s great!
v How fortunate.
v Splendid.
v Pretty good.

Responding :
v Thank you.
v Thanks, I needed that.
v That’s very kind of you.
v It’s very kind of you to say that.
v Do you really think so?
v You’ve made my day!
v The same to you.
v I’m glad you like it.Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Example:

o   Teresa said, “Don’t listen to Ellen. She likes stretch the truth.”

o   “Why do I have to eat these awful vegetables?” Alison said.

o   “I wish I could go fihing,” Jimmy said, “but, I’d better fix this fence instead.”

1. do I have to listen to that song again adam asked I don’t like it

2. bill said don’t wait up for me I’ll be home late

3. read the last two chapters in your book the instructor said

4. the secretary said please have a seat in the waiting room

5. do you want to see the new horror film max asked

6. I can’t decide whice pair of shoes to buy pat said

7. there aren’t enough seats for me in this row cyrus said maybe I’ll just move to the row

Did you know?

o   In an indirect statement, we add the conjunction “that” ( he said that…).

o   In an imperative, we use “to infinitive” (he told me to clean the windows).

o   The examples of past introductory verb: said, told, asked, replied, answered, etc.

o   If the introductory verb is in the past form, then the tense form for indirect speech is changed.

                              

* The changing of tenses

	Direct speech	Indirect speech
	Present Continuous Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing	Past Continuous Subject + was/were +Verb-ing
	Simple Present Subject + Verb 1	Simple Past Subject + Verb 2
	Simple Past Subject + Verb 2	Past Perfect Subject + had + Verb 3
	Present Perfect Subject + has/have + Verb 3	Past Perfect Subject + had + Verb 3
	Present Future Subject + wiil + Verb 1	Past Future Subject + would + Verb 1
	Modals can      +   infinitive may must	could + infinitive might had to
now today tonight yesterday last night ….ago tomorrow the day after tomorrow here this these		then that day that night the day before/the previous day the night before/the previus night ….before the following day/the next day in the following there that those

Asking for information

Trere are a number of formulas ased when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

·         Could you tell me…?

·         Do you know…?

·         Do you happen to know…?

·         I’d like to know…

·         Could you find out…?

·         I’m interested in…

·         I’m looking for…

These two forms are used when asking for information on the telephone:

·         I’m calling to find out…

·         I’m calling about…

Introductory It

A:To understand this lesson is easy.

B:It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.

It is pleasant to watch musical program.

To play football must be fun.

It is fun to play football

Modals in the past form

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example:

Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.

You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example:

David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests

Example:

Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and

I don’t know when he’ll return it.

News Item

News Item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

·         Newsworthy Event(s):  recounts the events in summary form.

·         Background Event(s):  elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

·         Sources:  comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

·         Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.

·         Generally using Simple Past Tense.

·         Use of Material Processes to retell the event.

·         Using Action Verbs, (e.g.: were, run, go, kill, hit, attack, curb, etc).

·         Using Saying Verbs, (e.g.: said, added, claimed, etc).

·         Focus on Circumstances.

·         Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages.

§         Did you know?

Headlines in newspapers are printed in large  letters to catch the reader’s eye. They use as few words as possible and are called ‘Phrase Headlines’. Grammar words like articles (a, an, the) and auxiliary verbs (is, are, was, were, may, must, can, etc.) are often left out.

Examples:

·         Torrential Rain in Most Areas.

·         Women Barred from Jobs.

·         Price Curbs Boost Exports.

·         Riweards for Tracing Suspects.

Some headlines use the present tense although the event happened days before. Why? Beceuse the writer wants to give the subject a sense of freshness and imfortance, making of more interesting to read.

For passive sentences, use past participle.	Agreement is signed today. Headline: Agreement signed today.
For future event, use to-infinitive.	The President will open the ASEAN summit. Headline: President to open ASEAN summit.
For an event which is taking place now, use present participle.	English Teachers are having a TEFLIN seminar. Headline: English teachers having TEFLIN seminar.
For a sentence using ‘is, are’, omit them.	People are free to choose their leader. Headline: People free to choose leader.

EXAMPLE:

Man jailed for striking RI maid

Newsworthy Event:

SINGAPORE: A suvervisor was jailed for two month for refeatedly striking his Indonesia maid on the head and back with a television remote control, news reports said on Thursday.

Background Events:

Muhamad Shafiq Woon Abdulah admitted in a Singapore court he physically abused the woman on several occasion between June and October 2002, The Strait Times said.

The magistrate’s court hear that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22 about a month after she started working for him.

He hit her on the heat with the TV set’s remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.

Sources:

S.S. Dhillion, Shafiq’s lawyer said his client lost his ‘better senses’ when he saw his daugther’s face covered as she lay in bed.

He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger. -DPA

Finite Verb

 A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.

· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences

· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences

· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.

Example : Elis is going to shop

→ Imperative mood , giving a command

example : Help me please !!!

Don't do that !!!

Verb – Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verb

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)

For example :

I lived in Germany. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example :

I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).

Noun Phrase

Noun phrase are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, compelemnts, or determiners.

Example :

The most beautiful ring

The greatest King

An ugly cat

A lovely jacket

The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its situational.

The premodification, which comprises all modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

The structure of Noun Phrase:
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun
Noun phrase : noun + post-modifier
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifier

Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be  done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now.

( time future).

 Positive Tenses

Pattern :

• S + will+ verb₁+ O+ modifier
• S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb₁+ O+ modifier
• S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier

emhh .. example for positive tenses... let us look again:  :

• Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
• Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
• Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.

Negative Tense

Pattern :

• S + will + not + verb₁+ O + modifier
• S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb₁ + O + modifier
• S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier

emhh .. next example for negative tenses... let us look again:  : :

• Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
• Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
• He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question

Pattern :

• • Will + S + verb₁+ O + modifier
  • Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
  • Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier
  emhh .. next example for question tenses... let us look again:  : :
  
• • • Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
    • Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning  ?
    • Will he be very happy when he finds out?

Offering

The expression of “ Would you like….”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Dhina: Would you like a fried rice Yen?

Yensy : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favourite food.

Zean : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of tea, Fivi?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?

* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. john?

* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

* Want some?

* Have some?

* Chocolate?

* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?

* Why don’t you have some lemonade?

* What can I get for you?

* What will you have?Declining an offering

* No, thanks

.* No, really won’t, thanks

* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.

* Yes, please

* I’d like it very much

* That would be very nice

Asking if Someone Remember or not

Formal expressions:

Ø I wonder if you remember.....

Ø You remember...., don’t you?

Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

Ø Don’t you remember.....?

Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.

Ø I remember especially the scenery.

Ø I’ll never forget that

Ø I’ll always remember.

Ø I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?

Ø Remember that?

Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!

Ø I know.....

Ø It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

Ø I’m affraid I forget.

Ø I really can’t remember.

Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him

Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..

It was Sunday morning, Irun got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her father was a little puzzled.

Father : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Irun : Yes, Father. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Father : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Irun : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

Passive Voice

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediate

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects Level: intermediate

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

. As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Vocabs: Shapes, Parts of Body

 Shapes are all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object .

SHAPES:

 Part of body is the entire structure of a human organism and consist of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. by the time human reaches adulthood, the body consist of close to 50 trillion cells, the basic unit of life.

Human Body:

 

INSIDE THE BODY - SIMPLE ANATOMY

-Bladder is the organ inside the body of a person, where urine is stored before it leaves the body.

-Brain is the organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity.

-Digestive system The organs in your body that digest food.

-Ear is the ear is made up of three different sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These parts all work together so you can hear and process sounds.

-Eye takes in information about the world around you - shapes, colors, movement, and more. Then they send the information to your brain.

-Heart sends blood around the body. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body.

-Kidney have  the main job is to filter the waste out of the blood.

-Liver is a large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile (a bitter yellow liquid which helps to digest fat).

-Lungs are one of the largest organs in the body, they work with the respiratory system to take in fresh air, and get rid of stale air.

-Mouth is the opening in the face which consists of the lips and the space between them, or the space behind which contains the teeth and the tongue.

-Skeleton is the frame of bones that support the body.

-Spine is the line of bones down the center of the back that provides support for the body.

-Teeth is the hard white objects in the mouth, which are used for biting and chewing.

-Urinary tract  is the parts of the body which produce and carry urine.

Vocabulary Around the House

attic

• basement
• bathroom
• bathtub
• bed
• bedroom
• blanket
• book shelf
• ceiling
• chair
• chest of drawers

• closet
• coffee table
• couch
• cupboard
• desk
• door
• dryer
• entrance
• floor
• furniture
• garden

• hallway
• house
• kitchen
• living room
• microwave
• mirror
• oven
• pillow
• radio
• refrigerator
• rocking chair

• room
• sink
• stove
• table
• television
• toilet
• vacuum cleaner
• wall
• washer
• window

Other Rooms
Attic People : store things in the attic.

Ballroom   :A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.

Box Room A small room : used for storage. Cellar Underneath the house.

Cloakroom  : A small room where people put their coats.

Conservatory  : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.

Dining Room :  A room where people eat.

Drawing Room :  A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.

Games Room : A room in large houses where games are played.

Hall :  The entrance passage to a house.

Larder :  A small room used for the storage of food.

Library :  A room where books are kept.

Lounge  : Another name for living room.

Music Room : A room where people play music.

Office :  A room where people work.

Pantry :  A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.

Parlor : Old fashioned word for living room.

Sitting Room  :Another name for living room.

Spare Room

Guest Room :  A room where guests sleep.

Toilet  : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)

Utility Room :  A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. Things you may                 find around the house